Category: Blog

Common Business Accounting Calculations

3 min read

Common Business Accounting CalculationsNo matter the type of business or industry, being able to analyze and deduce patterns is essential to discovering a business’ financial health. Here are four commonly used calculations to help internal and external stakeholders determine an organization’s ability to manage its finances.

Break-Even Analysis

This formula analyzes fixed costs versus the profitability a business earns for every extra item it creates and sells.

Businesses that have smaller thresholds to meet their fixed costs to realize profitability have an easier break-even point to meet and exceed. Once the fixed costs threshold is satisfied and sales revenue outpaces variable costs, a business will know when it hits the break-even point.

Break Even Point (BEP) = Total Fixed Costs/(Price Per Unit – Variable Cost Per Unit)

This takes the total fixed costs divided by the price per individual unit minus each unit’s variable cost.

Examples of fixed costs are rent, taxes, insurance and wages. Examples of variable costs are raw materials, production supplies, utilities and packaging.

Another way to determine a company’s break-even point is as follows:

Contribution Margin = Item Price – Variable Cost Per Unit

This is illustrated by: $55 = ($85 – $30)

The item’s priced at $85, with a variable cost of $30, the contribution margin is $55 of how much revenue a company earns to pay for the remaining fixed costs.

Cash Ratio Formula

The cash ratio formula offers one way to look at a company’s liquidity position by comparing a company’s cash and cash equivalents to its current liabilities or debts due within the next 12 months. It shows how well positioned a business is (or is not) able to pay debts due within 12 months, and to satisfy the near-term obligations of its long-term debt.

It’s an important ratio that lenders look at when evaluating a company’s loan application. Instead of including assets such as accounts receivables, it factors in a business’ ability to take care of its financial obligations. It’s thought of as being a more real world look at how financially stable a business is.

It’s calculated as follows: Cash Ratio: Cash + Cash Equivalents/Current Liabilities.

Gross Profit Margin

This is defined as all income minus the cost of goods sold (COGS). COGS is comprised of expenses attributable to the creation of products, which include input materials and salaries for workers to produce such goods. However, it excludes expenses for taxes, overhead, debt, asset acquisitions, etc., among others. Another way to explain this calculation is to ask how much a business retains as profit once production costs are accounted for.

It’s calculated as follows: Gross Profit Margin = [(Net Sales – Cost of Goods Sold)/(New Sales)] x 100

Debt-to-Equity (D/E) Ratio

This is used to determine how much debt or financial leverage a company has on its books. It tells internal stakeholders and external parties what percentage of debt a company is using to operate compared to the business’ available operating reserves. This ratio contrasts a business’ complete financial obligations against its shareholder equity. Its primary use is to see how extensively it uses debt to operate.

It’s calculated as follows: Debt/Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities/Total Shareholders’ Equity.

While these calculations may seem straightforward, these are only a few examples of how businesses can calculate and analyze a company’s position – be it the owner, an employee or an outside lender or investor.

5 New Year’s Financial Resolutions You Can Actually Keep

3 min read

5 New Year's Financial ResolutionsYep, it’s the end of another year! Chances are, you didn’t keep every resolution you made last year, for example, those goals about working out. (No shame here; we all do this!) However, the good news is that your fiscal goals can be a bit easier to achieve. Here are a few financial resolutions that are no-brainers, simple, and, best of all, no sweat.

Get a snapshot of your net worth. This is critical. Sit down and calculate this. When you know how much you have in terms of assets and liabilities, you can more easily determine where you need to make changes to your budget. For instance, this might be spending less on dining out and stocking more away in savings and investments. Understanding how much you have to work with is the first step to reaching your goals.

Pay off credit cards. This might well be an ongoing task, but the end of the year is a great time to take a breath, make a plan, and hit the ground running in the new year. If you have high-interest cards, look for limited-time, lower-interest and/or zero-interest cards. Some lenders will even give you as long as 21 months without interest. If you find yourself using credit cards more than you like, another way to get a handle on this is to use cash when you’re out at stores and restaurants. Seeing the dollars actually leaving your hands as opposed to just swiping your plastic might give you a needed dose of reality.

Update your savings goals. If you want to easily increase your savings, choose an amount and have it auto-drafted from your paycheck or checking account into your savings every month. This way, you’ll learn to live on the amount you have left. When you never see the amount you’re tucking away, you won’t miss it.

Review and reset your investments. Take some time to pull together all your assets: IRAs, retirement accounts, and employer 401(k) plans. If you can contribute more to any of these, all the better. For 401(k)s, the IRS just announced a cost-of-living adjustment for retirement plans and IRAs – the 401(k) contribution limit for 2025 is $23,500, up from $23,000 in 2024. However, individual retirement account (IRA) contributions will continue to be $7,000 in 2025, the same as in 2024. If you’re over 50, here’s some good news: You’ll be able to make even larger catch-up contributions than other workers because of a provision in Secure 2.0, a federal retirement law. Beginning in 2025, employees aged 60, 61, 62, or 63 who participate in workplace retirement plans can make catch-up contributions of up to $11,250.

Take a look at your credit report. This is key. You’re entitled to one free credit report a year from each of the three credit agencies, so doing this is easy peasy. Pull up your report and give it a look-see. If you see anything negative, take action to repair it. If there are any errors, correct them asap. To get started, go to AnnualCreditReport.com.

While there are many other money-related resolutions you can make, starting with ones that take minimal effort while yielding maximum results is a good place to begin, not to mention, a great way ease into the new year.

Sources

https://www.investopedia.com/articles/pf/06/newyear.asp

https://www.investopedia.com/the-irs-revealed-2025-changes-to-retirement-401k-and-ira-contributions-8738507

Cybersecurity Best Practices for the Holiday Season

4 min read

Cybersecurity The holiday season is when most people go on shopping sprees and travel. This season also witnesses a surge in online activities in today’s digital world. Unfortunately, cybercriminals take advantage of this period to launch attacks. Therefore, cybersecurity should be the top priority for a business gearing up for peak sales or a shopper looking for the best deal.

Understanding Holiday Cyber Threats

Businesses and consumers face unique challenges during the holiday season. For businesses, the increase in traffic and online transactions can overwhelm systems. This may make them vulnerable to attacks. Cybercriminals may use tactics such as ransomware, phishing scams and fraudulent transactions during the busy season. Consumers, on the other hand, get lured by malicious ads, fake websites and phishing emails that may appear as irresistible holiday deals.

Recognizing these risks is important to staying safe for both businesses and consumers. Understanding them also means taking proactive measures to reduce exposure to cyber threats.

Why Cybersecurity Matters

The lack of effective cybersecurity can lead to financial loss, reputational damage and disruption to a businesses’ operations. On the other hand, consumers face identity theft, unauthorized purchases and compromised financial accounts.

According to the Retail and Hospitality Information Sharing and Analysis Center (RH-ISAC), threats such as ransomware, phishing, and account takeover (ATO) attacks intensify as consumer activity surges. In their 2024 Holiday Season Cyber Threat Trends Report, RH-ISAC emphasizes proactive defense measures, especially during high-traffic periods like the holiday season.

Cybersecurity Best Practices for Businesses

Security measures for businesses include:

  • Set up a holiday strategy – over the long holidays, businesses tend to have a change in work schedules and fewer staff members. Having a holiday cybersecurity strategy can safeguard against potential cyber threats. This can include an emergency response plan and designating responsible individuals for cybersecurity.
  • Endpoint security – this involves protecting devices like computers and smartphones used in the business. It is important to update all software, install antivirus programs and enable firewalls to shield the business network from intrusions.
  • Employee training – human error is one of the leading causes of data breaches. Therefore, it is important to educate staff to recognize phishing attempts. They should also know the importance of strong passwords and reporting suspicious activity.
  • Monitoring systems for unusual activity – This requires a business to invest in tools that help detect suspicious behavior in its networks. This should include fraud detection systems that will help identify unusual transaction patterns. It also helps detect potential compromises from third-party vendors.
  • Backup and recovery plan – business continuity in case of an attack is crucial. Therefore, a business should ensure that data is regularly backed up and stored securely. It also helps to test the recovery process regularly.

Cybersecurity Best Practices for Shoppers

Consumers are not immune to holiday cyber-attacks. A consumer must keep the following in mind:

  • Shop from secure websites – shoppers should be cautious by checking website security. They should check that a website includes “https://” and a padlock icon in the URL. Also, confirm the correct name of the website. It is also important to avoid clicking on links from unsolicited emails or social media ads. This is a common phishing tactic.
  • Use secure payment methods – a credit card provides better fraud protection than a debit card. Consider digital wallets that have an extra layer of encryption. It is also crucial to avoid saving payment details on websites.
  • Avoid public wi-fi – shopping on the go may see some shoppers use public networks. These networks expose data to hackers.
  • Be wary of emails and messages with deals that sound too good to be true. Always verify sender authentication and, where necessary, contact the company directly.
  • Be cautious about unexpected package notifications. Unexpected package notifications can be a phishing tactic to steal personal information or install malware. Always verify the sender and avoid clicking on links in unsolicited messages.
  • Be cautious of holiday scams like fake charities, gift card scams and fake gift exchanges that prey on the season’s generosity and excitement. Scammers may trick customers into buying gift cards or sharing personal details through fraudulent schemes. Staying skeptical of unsolicited offers and never sharing sensitive information with unverified sources will help ward off cybercriminal attacks.
  • Activate multi-factor authentication (MFA) – adding MFA creates an extra layer of security for highly sensitive accounts such as email, bank, and work-related logins.

 Closing Thoughts

The holiday season is meant to be a time of celebration and connection, not worry and stress. By implementing robust cybersecurity practices, businesses can protect their operations and customers while shoppers enjoy safe, hassle-free transactions.

Making Pensions Equitable, Protecting Foster Kids, Mail-in Votes and Tracking Government Spending

3 min read

Making Pensions Equitable, Protecting Foster Kids, Mail-in Votes and Tracking Government SpendingAll bills not enacted by the end of the 118th congressional session on Jan. 3, 2025, will expire.

Social Security Fairness Act of 2023 (HR 82) – This bill, with 330 bipartisan sponsors and a similar bill in the Senate, was introduced by Rep. Garret Graves (R-LA) on Jan. 9, 2023. It passed in the House on Nov. 12 of this year and is likely to pass in the Senate before the year’s end. The purpose of the bill is to eliminate the government pension offset that reduces Social Security benefits for individuals who receive other benefits, such as a pension from a state or local government. In the private sector, this would have a similar effect to withholding Social Security from people who have a 401(k). The bill would also repeal provisions that reduce Social Security benefits for spouses and widows/ers who receive their own government pensions. The provisions of the bill would be retroactive to the beginning of 2024.

BOLIVAR Act (HR 825) – This legislation prohibits the head of an executive agency to enter into a contract for the procurement of goods or services with any person that has business operations with the Maduro regime in Venezuela. The act was introduced on Feb. 2, 2023, by Rep. Michael Waltz (R-OH). It passed in the House on Nov. 18, and its fate currently lies with the Senate.

Vote by Mail Tracking Act (HR 5658) – This bill would require mail-in ballots to use the Postal Service barcode and an Official Election Mail logo. It passed in the House on Nov. 18 and is under consideration in the Senate. The bill was introduced by Rep. Katie Porter (D-CA) on Sept. 21, 2023.

Find and Protect Foster Youth Act (S 1146) – This act was introduced on March 30, 2023, by Sen. John Cornyn (R-TX). It would amend a provision of the Social Security Act to require the Department of Health and Human Services to eliminate obstacles to identifying and responding to reports of missing foster care children. Furthermore, it would assist in the assessment and screening of children who are at risk of becoming victims of sex trafficking, as well as identify best practices for effective interventions. The bipartisan bill passed in the House on Nov. 18 and is currently in the Senate.

Billion Dollar Boondoggle Act of 2023 (S 1228) – This bill was introduced by Sen. Joni Ernst (R-IA) on April 25, 2023. The bill would require the director of the Office of Management and Budget to submit an annual report to Congress detailing projects that are over budget and behind schedule. This is a bipartisan bill that has passed in both the Senate and the House, but on July 22, the House made changes and sent it back to the Senate, where it currently resides.

Rural Broadband Protection Act of 2024 (S 275) – Introduced by Sen. Shelley Moore Capito (R-WV) on Feb. 7, 2023, this bill would require the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to vet applicants for funding of affordable broadband deployment in high-cost areas (including rural communities). The FCC would mandate a process, including a detailed proposal with technical capabilities to provide competitive awards for implementing the broadband network services. The FCC would then assess proposals in line with well-established technical standards. The bill passed the Senate on Sept. 25 and is currently with the House.

Energy Tax Credit Changes For 2025

3 min read

Energy Tax Credit Changes For 2025The coming shakeup of the executive branch, along with Republican control of both houses of Congress, means tax changes are highly likely in 2025 and beyond. Positioning for new and amended tax provisions is already off to the races.

Regardless of the political landscape, on rare occasions, some measures have broad bipartisan support. One such bill is called the Methane Reduction and Economic Growth Act. It proposes adding a new credit for sequestering “qualified” methane from mining activities.

Looking Ahead To 2025

Proponents of the Methane Reduction and Economic Growth Act hope the tax credit will have a beneficial economic impact and create jobs. The idea is to capture and utilize the methane for productive industrial uses or as an alternative for heating buildings. The methane emitted by mines that qualify have long lifespans, with some abandoned mines emitting methane for up to 100 years. The long lifespan of the methane source is hoped to support the significant capital investment required to get the process up and running.

There is also significant potential for job creation in areas most impacted by the shutdown of coal-fired power plants, which in turn devastated the coal mining industry. The concept of using mine methane as an energy source could support rural American jobs.

Landscape and Potential for the Credit

There is a lot of mine methane to capture, with most not currently being captured. The U.S. government estimates abandoned coal mines produce about 237,000 metric tons annually. This methane has many potential uses, including hydrogen production.

Details on the New Subsection

The new section of 45Q credits would be based on the quantity of qualified methane that is sequestered. The captured methane must then be sent to the pipeline and used for producing heat or electricity. To be considered “qualified methane,” it must be captured from certain types of mines, including closed, abandoned, and surface mines. Finally, the methane captured must have otherwise been sent into the atmosphere if it had not been for the capture equipment activity.

Only qualified facilities may obtain the credit. Among other factors, the taxpayer needs to capture a minimum of 2,500 metric tons of methane each year to qualify. There are a lot more technical regulatory requirements related to the specific nature of methane capture, but those are beyond the scope of this article.

Conclusion

Typically, tax bills are split down the aisle based on political partisanship. This makes the passage of tax legislation difficult at best due to competing interests and a divided government. The tax credits related to methane capture, however, appear to be unusually bipartisan in nature. This is due to the unique intersection of democratic support from an environmental and climate perspective, meeting with Republican interest to support economic development in rural coal mining areas where the industry has been devastated. Put these two interests together, and you have the makings for a widely supported bipartisan bill that is very likely to pass.

Understanding Carbon Accounting

3 min read

Understanding Carbon Accounting, what is Carbon AccountingAlso known as greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting, carbon accounting is a way for managers and analysts to measure a company’s total carbon emissions. 

It’s a comprehensive approach to analyze how a company uses energy for its buildings, offices, conveyances and production processes. Carbon accounting examines firsthand, secondhand and tertiary energy uses.

Environmental, Social & Governance

Looking at ESG standards (Environmental, Social & Governance), it’s not only becoming encouraged, it’s becoming required for businesses, especially for publicly traded businesses. Whether it’s the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or other governmental agencies in the global economy, these administrative organizations are mandating emission declarations for businesses to account for their carbon emissions. It’s also necessary for third parties (lenders, potential and current investors) to review and analyze a company’s current and past performance, along with industry comparisons.

It’s important to distinguish the differences between carbon and GHG accounting. Carbon accounting only looks at carbon dioxide emissions, while GHG looks at the broader category and illustrates why doing so is important. Businesses look at nitrous oxide and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), for example, when accounting for GHGs. However, such measurement is based on the so-called carbon dioxide equivalent or C02e. This helps standardize GHGs into the C02e standard for carbon accounting, giving government and interested parties the ability to measure across a universal standard. Two common uses for this standard are for carbon offsets and credits.  

Calculating Emissions

1. Scope 1 factors in emissions from the company’s directly controlled or owned assets. Examples include factories, production, conveyances, etc.  

2. Scope 2 looks at what the business uses in regard to climate-controlled services for their factories, offices, etc. It also looks at the company’s contracts with power suppliers.

3. Scope 3 factors in indirect emissions the business may incur. This includes commercial commuting activities, investing, how assets are disposed of, etc.    

According to the SEC, Scope 3 emissions must include those “upstream and downstream activities in a company’s value chain” if they’re necessary for investor consideration or if the business has pledged to meet certain metrics for Scope 3 levels.

From there, a business’ activity metrics are calculated according to governmental and industry standards, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ISO Standard 14064, or The Climate Registry’s General Reporting Protocol, etc. Businesses’ results are presented against past results, where they discuss how they will improve their efficiency internally and work with their supply chain partners.

Compliance

While compliance is one important reason, third-party audiences, such as family offices, institutional money managers, lenders, etc., are equally as important. Asset managers and family offices, for example, look for ESG or environmentally friendly investments to attract retail or “smart-money” investors. Similarly, activist investors, especially those looking to make companies more environmentally friendly, can look at companies to see how their carbon emissions stack up against their industry and overall commercial peers.

Another consideration is that by meeting regulatory or industry requirements and meeting ESG standards, businesses could qualify for preferential or market rates for funding from the debt markets.

Conclusion

The more companies are well-versed in this type of accounting, the better they will meet government and investor expectations.

Breaking Down Bill-and-Hold Arrangements

3 min read

What are Bill-and-Hold ArrangementsLooking at accounting and journal entry considerations, if accounts receivables are debited and revenue is credited, it can be interpreted as the business recognizing revenue without the customer paying. As such, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sees the potential for intentional manipulation of earnings. It is important to review this type of transaction to see how the U.S. government and accounting standards treat deviations from these activities.

Defining Bill-and-Hold Arrangements

This type of agreement permits sellers to recognize revenue before delivery is made. Instead of shipping the product first, the seller bills the customer first, and delivery is arranged for a future date.

Based upon Accounting Standards Codification (ASC 606-10-55-83) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), for a customer to have obtained control of a product in a bill-and-hold arrangement, they must meet all of the following in order to move ownership of the product to the customer, with the seller still in custody of it.

  • Customers have explicitly asked for such an arrangement. Purchasers have to demonstrate a material reason for buying the goods through this route.
  • The goods must be sequestered explicitly for and attributed exclusively to the customer.
  • Customers must be able to physically receive the goods.
  • The separated goods are expressly prohibited from being used for any other purposes, including those of other customers.
  • Purchasers assume all risk.
  • There’s a written, fixed commitment to buy the goods.
  • The ultimate delivery of goods must be done according to a set timeline that follows realistic commercial uses.
  • The finished goods shall be 100 percent finished and be transit prepared.

Illustrating a Bill-and-Hold Arrangement

Companies in commodity-intensive establishments (miners, farmers, etc.) often use heavy equipment to recover and produce outputs. Since a mining or energy company is unsure of the profitability when recovering resources that are price-dependent on dynamic economic conditions, they often enter into a bill-and-hold arrangement with their supplier. Since the steel producer and the drilling company have an existing arrangement with standard terms, there’s an established history of bill-and-hold transactions. If machinery or drilling equipment is fully built for one of these companies, the equipment manufacturer will sequester the equipment and prohibit it from being shipped to any other buyer. Similarly, the invoice for the equipment must be satisfied by the customer in full within 30 days of the equipment being placed and waiting for the resource company buyers. The last step is for the buyer to arrange delivery in a reasonable manner.   

Based on this real-world example, revenue should be recognized once it’s set aside exclusively for a particular mining or natural resource extraction company.

Considerations Beyond the Goods Themselves

Goods producers also must determine if there’s a custodial component during a bill-and-hold arrangement. If a custodial arrangement exists, either part of the original cost of goods sold to the customer needs to be determined or a separate charge, and therefore, exclusive recognition of revenue for the custodial services provided should be addressed outside of the bill-and-hold arrangement.

When it comes to revenue recognition under certain circumstances, goods producers may be able to recognize revenue despite the traditional requirement that goods have left a business, and the seller has materially satisfied their traditional requirement for accounting standards.

2025 Federal Income Tax Brackets

2 min read

2025 Projected Tax BracketsAccording to estimates, inflation adjustments to the Internal Revenue Code are expected to yield increases of 2.8 percent compared to 2024 amounts. This means wider tax brackets and increased exemptions, among other things. With the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics consumer price index (CPI) moderating, this increase is about 50 percent less than 2024’s inflation adjustment. Below, we’ll look at what the projected 2025 inflation adjustment means in terms of dollars and cents for you and your taxes.

Individual Income Tax Brackets

The tables below illustrate the individual income tax rates and brackets for 2025.

Individual Income Tax Brackets & Rates: Tax Year 2025

Single Taxpayers
10% 0 – $11,925
12% $11,926 – $48,475
22% $48,476 – $103,350
24% $103,351 – $197,300
32% $197,301 – $250,525
35% $250,526 – $626,350
37% $626,351 and Over

 

Married Filing Jointly
10% 0 – $23,850
12% $23,851 – $96,950
22% $96,951 – $206,700
24% $206,701 – $394,600
32% $394,601 – $501,050
35% $501,051 – $751,600
37% $751,601 and Over

 

Married Filing Separately
10% 0 – $11,925
12% $11,926 – $48,475
22% $48,476 – $103,350
24% $103,351 – $197,300
32% $197,301 – $250,525
35% $250,526 – $375,800
37% $375,801 and Over

 

Heads of Household
10% 0 – $17,000
12% $17,001- $64,850
22% $64,851 – $103,350
24% $103,351 – $197,300
32% $197,301 – $250,500
35% $250,501 – $626,350
37% $626,351 and Over

 

Trusts & Estates Tax Brackets

The table below illustrates what the income rates and brackets are expected to look like for Trusts and Estates in 2025.

Projected Trusts and Estates Tax Brackets & Rates: Tax Year 2025
10% 0 – $3,150
24% $3,151- $11,450
35% $11,451 – $15,650
37% $15,651 and Over

 

Standard Deduction Amounts

The table below illustrates what the projected standard deduction amounts will be for 2025, with a comparison to 2024.

Projected Standard Deduction Amounts
  2024 2025
Single $14,600 $15,750
Married Filing Jointly $29,200 $31,500
Married Filing Separately $14,600 $15,750
Head of Household $21,900 $23,625

 

Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT)

The table below illustrates the anticipated AMT exemptions for 2025.

AMT Exemption Amounts
Tax Year 2025
Single $88,100
Married Filing Jointly $137,000
Married Filing Separately $68,500
Trust & Estates $30,700

 

Capital Gains

The rates applied to long-term capital gains are not expected to change for 2025; however, the brackets that apply to different rates will expand. Note that, in considering the table below, a 20 percent tax rate applies to capital gains that are over the 37 percent ordinary tax rate threshold. Furthermore, capital gains on art and collectibles are subject to other exceptions.

Maximum Capital Gains Rates for 2025
  Zero Rate 15% Rate
Single $48,350 $533,400
Married Filing Jointly $96,700 $600,050
Married Filing Separately $48,350 $300,000
Head of Household $64,750 $566,700
Trusts & Estates $3,250 $15,900

 

Conclusion

First, it’s important to remember that all the figures above are only projections. The IRS will not publish the official numbers until later this year. Moreover, as these rates and brackets have increased, they have done so significantly less than in 2024 and 2023, largely driven by lower inflation.

Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) Defined

3 min read

Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) DefinedThis metric, which is also referred to as the cash cycle or the net operating cycle, looks at the time a business takes to recover its investment in inventory to eventually sell. The process starts from selling its goods, collecting on outstanding receivables or invoices, and satisfying its operating costs with the sale proceeds. It’s normally measured in days to determine the company’s financial health.

The less time necessary to complete the CCC, the healthier a company is financially because it means the business’ money spends less time tied up in inventory or collecting on outstanding inventory. It’s important to be mindful that different industries have different CCC time frames. Generally speaking, most calculations are done on either a quarterly (90 day) or an annual basis (365 days).

How to Calculate CCC

The formula is as follows:

(CCC) = Days Inventory Outstanding (DIO) + Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) − Days Payable Outstanding (DPO)

It can be broken down into three different stages:

Stage 1

Days Inventory Outstanding (DIO) looks at how many days the inventory takes to sell to customers. It’s calculated as follows:

DIO = (Average Inventory (AI) / COGS) x Time-Frame (In Days)

AI = 1/2 x (BI + FI)

BI = Beginning Inventory

FI = Final Inventory

It’s important to define COGS, taken from the Income Statement, which is Cost of Goods Sold or the costs personally connected to creation of goods or services (raw materials, labor or electricity). The lower the number, the faster a business is selling its goods.

Stage 2

Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) measures the time it takes the business to collect payment from all outstanding sales completed.

DSO = Average Accounts Receivable (AAR) / Daily Revenue

AAR = 1/2 x (SAR + FAR)

SAR = Starting AR

FAR = Final AR

Accounts Receivable are what companies record on their balance sheet to keep track of what customers owe for the goods delivered or services rendered. The lower the results, the better the company’s cash position is because they’re able to satisfy outstanding invoices.

Stage 3

Days Payable Outstanding (DPO) is the third and final stage that calculates how much businesses owe to their suppliers the business has sourced input materials from, within the time frame the suppliers’ invoices are due.  

DPO = Average Accounts Payable (AAP) / Daily COGS

Where:

AAP = 0.5 x (SAP + FAP)

SAP = Starting AP

FAP = Final AP

COGS = Cost of Goods Sold

There are different ways to interpret the DPO result. A low DPO means the business is taking care of its bills from suppliers. However, potential investors, internal managers, and supervisors can see if the business can either negotiate lengthier payment terms while still maintaining good terms or if the company negotiates early payment terms or invests the money on a short-term basis to earn more for the company before paying suppliers’ bills. A high DPO, after an investigation of a company’s financials, might show the company is taking longer than its peers to pay creditors.

While calculating the CCC is relatively straightforward, the more complex process is interpreting it correctly and using judgment for a business based on industry averages and how the numbers relate to current economic conditions.

Pre-Retirement Planning Guide – Legacy Planning

5 min read

Pre-Retirement Planning Guide - Legacy PlanningStep 6: Looking to Legacy Planning to Address Future Needs of Family

How do you want to be remembered? People often view their legacy as a way of disseminating assets to charitable venues to be remembered as passionate and generous supporters. That is one aspect of a legacy.

But perhaps the most important legacy plan is how you want to be remembered by your family, friends and loved ones. If you do not develop an estate plan and communicate it with your loved ones, if you leave your financial accounts and investments in a state of disarray by not keeping files organized and beneficiaries updated, then you leave a huge burden behind when you pass away.

This may very well mar the fine memory your loved ones have for you. After all, having to manage a complex or messy estate over a long period of time could overwrite the previously fond memories they had for you. No one wants their legacy blemished by administrative chaos, so now is the time to get your financial house and estate plan in order. Don’t let the last memories of you be ones of aggravation and bitterness.

Repair and Strengthen Relationships

If you are estranged or have an uncomfortable relationship with someone close to you, do yourself and them a favor by rectifying the situation. This may take time, so begin the process during your pre-retirement planning phase. Remember, no one wants to die having said harsh last words or having not seen a loved one for a long time.

Make part of your plan a commitment to shore up relationships. You can start by making a list of people with whom you should contact, jotting down a few thoughts about what you want to communicate, and devising a plan for how to accomplish this. It might be a special weekend with each of your children, or inviting a long-lost sibling to take a vacation with you, or taking your spouse out to dinner and reiterating your love for one another. Remember, your legacy is about how you want to be remembered, so make some new memories to crowd out any poor ones.

First, Loved Ones; Then Philanthropy

Once your relationships are in good shape (which takes ongoing maintenance – it’s not a one-shot deal), turn your attention to your philanthropic legacy. This includes how you want to distribute your assets to both your family and the causes you care about.

The following are some key components of a legacy plan:

Wealth Transfer

Be sure that your estate plan efficiently communicates and transfers your assets to the appropriate heirs. It also should incorporate prudent tax planning so that your beneficiaries do not pay more in taxes than required. Remember, part of your legacy will be determined by how well you protect your assets, not just from taxes but also from creditors, divorce settlements, and other potential risks.

Education

Leaving a large sum to heirs can be overwhelming. It’s a good idea to help them learn about financial responsibility, wealth management and philanthropy. By helping them understand tactics about which assets to leave intact, which to transfer to other accounts and which they can liquidate for their own use – in a tax-proficient manner – is key to ensuring they’re ready to manage the legacy you pass on.

Charitable Giving

There is a range of sophisticated vehicles that allow you to maximize the long-term value of gifted assets to charitable and passion causes. For example, a donor-advised fund (DAF) enables you to donate cash or securities to a charity-sponsored fund and help direct where charitable grants are distributed. Another option is to set up a private foundation. This is a public 501(c)(3) organization that invests, manages, and distributes your donations to charities; however, this option is really only viable and cost-efficient if you have substantial assets (multi-millions) in your estate.

There are also trust vehicles designed to balance your philanthropic goals with leaving enough assets for your own living expenses and/or an inheritance for heirs. Fortunately, these also may enjoy tax benefits, such as an upfront tax deduction, removing assets from your taxable estate, or avoiding capital gains taxes on donated securities. Here are some examples:

  • Charitable Lead Trust (CLT) – The charity of your choice receives trust income (fixed payment or fixed percentage) for a specified term/or your lifespan, after which the remainder goes either back to you or another trust beneficiary.
  • Charitable Remainder Trust (CRT) – The trust distributes income to you or another beneficiary for a specified term or your lifespan, after which the remainder goes to a designated charity.
  • Charitable Remainder Unitrust (CRUT) – The trust distributes a fixed percentage of its balance to you or a beneficiary for a specified term or your lifespan, after which the remainder goes to a designated charity.
  • Charitable Remainder Annuity Trust (CRAT) – The trust distributes a fixed payment to you or a beneficiary for a specified term or your lifespan, after which the remainder goes to a designated charity.

Setting up a trust to meet a variety of goals is very complex. Be sure to work with an experienced and qualified estate planner to set this up or, again, your legacy could be tarnished if your estate is not disseminated as planned.